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From: MSN NicknameEagle_wng (Original Message) Sent: 6/8/2005 5:13 AM
Population transfer in the Soviet Union
The wholesale removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin Iosif (Joseph) Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин), original name Ioseb Jughashvili (Georgian: იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი; see Other names section) (December 21, 1879
..... Click the link for more information. during his career: Poles The Polish minority in the Soviet Union refers to former Polish citizens or Polish-speaking people who resided in the Soviet Union. Their history is broken into three periods.
1921-1938
Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace
..... Click the link for more information. (1934), Koreans The Korean people are one of the main East Asian ethnic groups. Most Koreans live on the Korean peninsula and speak the Korean language. Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous in the world, with the only minorities being very small Chinese communities in South and North Korea, and a very small Japanese one in North Korea.
According to recent estimates, the population of ethnic Koreans worldwide is:
* North Korea: 21,687,550
* South Korea: 47,470,969
* The United States: 2,057,546
* China: 2,043,578
* Japan: 660,214
* Russia and former Soviet republics: 486,857
* Canada : 110,000
* Latin America (Brazil in particular): 100,000
* Total: 74,616,714
Culture
Main article: Culture of Korea
..... Click the link for more information. (1937), Ukrainians The Ukrainians are a Slavic people of central-eastern Europe. They are the descendants of several people who inhabited the vast area extending from north of the Black Sea to the borders of Russia, Poland, Moldova, Belarus and Slovakia. Ukraine had a very turbulent history, a fact justified by its geographical position. It was the first Scandinavian settlers who founded the Kingdom of Kyiv (Kyivan Rus), long before Kyivan Rus leader Volodymyr accepted Christianity in 988.
..... Click the link for more information. , Jews
The word Jew (Hebrew: יהודי) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or a member of the Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes. This article discusses the term as describing an ethnic group; for a consideration of the religion, please refer to Judaism.
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, Lithuanians The Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian - Lietuva, Polish - Litwa, German - Litauen, French - Lituanie, Spanish - Lituania, Estonian - Leedu, Finnish - Liettua) is a republic in Northeastern Europe. One of the three Baltic States along the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with fellow Baltic State Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the south and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia to the southwest.
..... Click the link for more information. , Latvians The Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), or Latvia (Latvian: Latvija), is a country in the Northern Europe. Latvia has land borders with its two fellow Baltic states - Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south - and Russia and Belarus to the east. In the west Latvia shares a maritime border with Sweden.
National motto: None
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, Estonians
The Republic of Estonia is a country in Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the north. Estonia has land borders with its fellow Baltic state, Latvia, to the south, with Russia to the east, and maritime border with Finland to the north.
National motto: None
Official language Estonian
Capital Tallinn
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(1940-1941 and 1945-1949), Volga Germans The Volga Germans are ethnic Germans living near the Volga River, maintaining German culture, German language, German traditions and religions: Evangelical Lutherans or Roman Catholic. Many Volga Germans immigrated to the American mid-west in the 19th century.
After she displaced Peter III from the Russian throne, German princess Sophie Fredericke Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst, a native of Stettin,
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(1941), Balkars, Chechen This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic group, not Chechen meaning citizens of Chechnya.
Geography
The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. Two wars were fought in the 1990s and 2000s over attempts of some ethnic clans to secede from the federation.
There are also significant Chechen populations in other Russian regions (especially in Dagestan and Moscow city) and Jordan.
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s, Ingushs The Republic of Ingushetia (Russian: Респу́блика Ингуше́тия; Ingush: Гiалгiай Мохк) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). The direct transliteration of the republic's name is Respublika Ingushetiya.
..... Click the link for more information. (1943), Kalmyks The Republic of Kalmykia (Russian: Респу́блика Калмы́кия; Kalmyk: Хальм Тангч) is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a republic). The direct transliteration of the republic's name is Respublika Kalmykiya.
..... Click the link for more information. (1944), Meskhetian Turks (1944), Crimean Tatars The Crimean Tatars a Turkic people group living in the Crimea peninsula of Ukraine, places of exile in the republics of the former Soviet Union, and the diaspora widely scattered among the Balkans, Turkey, Western Europe and North America.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries they constituted Crimean Khanate, allied with the Ottomans, which prospered until it fell under Russian rule. Before its annexion, it used to be a major power in Eastern Europe with diplomatic relations with Sweden, Poland and other coutries.
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(18 May 1944). Large numbers of kulaks Kulaks (from the Russian кулак (kulak, "fist") is a pejorative term extensively used in Soviet political language, originally referring to relatively wealthy peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labor, as a result of the Stolypin reform introduced since 1906. Among Peter Stolypin's intentions was a creation of a group of prosperous farmers. In 1912, 16 per cent (11% in 1903) of Russian farmers had over 8 acres (32,000 m²) per male family member (a threshold used to distinguish middle-class and prosperous farmers in statistics).
..... Click the link for more information. regardless their nationality were resettled to Siberia
Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for "the calm land") is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting all of northern Asia. It extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the borders of both Mongolia and China. All but the extreme southwestern area of Siberia lies in Russia, and it makes up about 75% of that country's territory.
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and Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia. Various definitions of its exact composition exist.
Definitions
Under one definition, Central Asia covers about 9,029,000 km2, or 21% of the continent. Under this definition Central Asia includes the following countries:
* China (the province of Qinghai, and the autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Tibet)
* Kazakhstan (the territories east of the Ural River),
* Kyrgyzstan,
* Mongolia,
* Tajikistan,
* Turkmenistan and
* Uzbekistan.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II World War II was the most extensive and costly armed conflict in the history of the world, involving the great majority of the world's nations, being fought simultaneously in several major theatres, and costing tens of millions of lives.
The German invasion of Poland on September 1 1939 is the most common date in the West for the start of World War II. Others cite the Japanese invasion of China on July 7, 1937, as the war's beginning, or even the 1931 Japanese incursion into Manchuria. The war ended in Europe with the surrender of Germany on May 8, 1945, but continued in Asia and the Pacific until the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the subsequent Japanese surrender on September 2 1945.
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, Stalin conducted a series of deportations Deportation is the expelling of someone from a country. In general it refers to the expulsion of foreigners (the expulsion of natives is usually called banishment, exile, or transportation).
Almost all countries reserve the right of deportation of foreigners, even those who are longtime residents. In general deportation is reserved for foreigners who have committed serious crimes, or entered
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on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик (СССР); tr.: Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (SSSR))
..... Click the link for more information. . Over 1.5 million people were deported to Siberia
Siberia (Russian: Сиби́рь, common English transliterations: Sibir, Sibir; possibly from the Mongolian for "the calm land") is a vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan constituting all of northern Asia. It extends eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the borders of both Mongolia and China. All but the extreme southwestern area of Siberia lies in Russia, and it makes up about 75% of that country's territory.
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and the Central Asian republics. Separatism, resistance to Soviet rule and collaboration with the invading Germans
Nazi Germany, or the Third Reich, commonly refers to Germany in the years 1933–1945, when it was under the firm control of the totalitarian and fascist ideology of National Socialism with Adolf Hitler as dictator.
The term Nazi is a short form of the German Nationalsozialismus; the ideology was institutionalized in the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei), the Nazi Party, or NSDAP for short, that however by most Europeans is held to have been Socialist by name only.
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were cited as the main official reasons for the deportations, although an ambition to ethnically cleanse The term ethnic cleansing refers to various policies of forcibly removing people of another ethnic group. At one end of the spectrum, it is virtually indistinguishable from forced emigration and population transfer, while at the other it merges with deportation and genocide.
At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing can be understood as the expulsion of an "undesirable" population from a given territory by religious or ethnic discrimination, political, strategic or ideological considerations, or a combination of these.
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regions may have also been a factor, epecially in the case of Crimean Tatars The Crimean Tatars a Turkic people group living in the Crimea peninsula of Ukraine, places of exile in the republics of the former Soviet Union, and the diaspora widely scattered among the Balkans, Turkey, Western Europe and North America.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries they constituted Crimean Khanate, allied with the Ottomans, which prospered until it fell under Russian rule. Before its annexion, it used to be a major power in Eastern Europe with diplomatic relations with Sweden, Poland and other coutries.
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.
The deportations started with Poles from Belarus The Republic of Belarus (Belarusian: Белару́сь, Russian: Белару́сь (former: Белору́ссия)) is a landlocked nation of Eastern Europe with the capital Minsk. Belarus borders Poland on the west, Lithuania on the northwest, Latvia on the north, Russia on the east, and Ukraine on the south.
..... Click the link for more information. , Ukraine Ukraine (Україна, Ukrayina in Ukrainian; Украина in Russian) is a republic in eastern Europe which borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the south-west and the Black Sea to the south.
National motto:
“Freedom, accord, goodness”
..... Click the link for more information. and European Russia (see Polish minority in Soviet Union The Polish minority in the Soviet Union refers to former Polish citizens or Polish-speaking people who resided in the Soviet Union. Their history is broken into three periods.
1921-1938
Polish communities were inherited from Imperial Russia after the creation of the Soviet Union. After World War I, Poland became an independent country, and its secession was finalized by the Peace
..... Click the link for more information. ) 1932-1936. Koreans The Korean people are one of the main East Asian ethnic groups. Most Koreans live on the Korean peninsula and speak the Korean language. Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous in the world, with the only minorities being very small Chinese communities in South and North Korea, and a very small Japanese one in North Korea.
According to recent estimates, the population of ethnic Koreans worldwide is:
* North Korea: 21,687,550
* South Korea: 47,470,969
* The United States: 2,057,546
* China: 2,043,578
* Japan: 660,214
* Russia and former Soviet republics: 486,857
* Canada : 110,000
* Latin America (Brazil in particular): 100,000
* Total: 74,616,714
Culture
Main article: Culture of Korea
..... Click the link for more information. in the Russian Far East
The term Russian Far East (Russian: Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и; English transliteration: Dalny Vostok Rossii) refers to the extreme south-east parts of Russia, between Siberian Federal District and the Pacific.
The Russian Far East includes the territories of Amur Oblast, Chukotka, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Koryakia, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, and Sakhalin Oblast. Major cities in the Russian Far East include Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
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were deported in 1937. Volga Germans and seven nationalities of the Crimea The Crimea (officially Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Ukrainian transliteration: Avtonomna Respublika Krym, Ukrainian: Автономна Республіка Крим, Russian: Автономная Республика Крым, pronounced cry-MEE-ah in English) is a peninsula and an autonomous republic of Ukraine on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
..... Click the link for more information. and the northern Caucasus The Caucasus is a region in eastern Europe and western Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which includes the Caucasus mountains and surrounding lowlands. It is occasionally considered part of Central Asia.
The highest peak is Elbrus (5642m), which is also considered to be the highest mountain in Europe.
The independent nations that comprise today's Caucasus include Russia (Northern Caucasus district), Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Large, non-independent areas of the Caucasus include Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, among others. The Caucasus is one of the most linguistically and culturally diverse places on Earth.
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were deported: the Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Karachays, and Meskhetian Turks. Other minorities evicted from the Black Sea coastal region included Bulgarians, Greeks, and Armenians. From the newly conquered Eastern Poland 400,000 people were deported. The same followed in the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia (over 200,000 people were deported). The death toll from these deportations was huge: 60% of the Baltic deportees were estimated to have perished, and nearly half of the entire Crimean Tatar population died of hunger in the first eighteen months after being banished from their homeland. Overall, 40% of those deported are estimated to have perished.
After the WWII, the population of East Prussia was replaced by the Soviet one, mainly by Russians.
In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev in his speeech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninist principles, asserting that the Ukrainians avoided such a fate "only because there were too many of them and there was no place to which to deport them." His government reversed most of Stalin's deportations, although it was not until as late as 1991 that the Crimean Tatars, Meskhs and Volga Germans were allowed to return en masse to their homelands. The deportations had a profound effect on the non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union and they are still a major political issue - the memory of the deportations played a major part in the separatist movements in Tatarstan, Chechnya and the Baltic republics.
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Population%20transfer%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union
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